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Nikola Tesla - Inventor who invented wheel of the modern era

                                                       Bio

Nikola Tesla was born in the family of an Orthodox priest on 10th of July 1856 in Smiljan, Croatia. His parents Milutin and Georgina besides him had a son Dane and daughter Angelina and Milka, who were older than Nikola and Marica was the youngest child in the family of Tesla. 

His education began in his native town. After the accident in which family Tesla had lost their firstborn son, Dane, the family moved to Gospic where young Nikola continued his education. He went to high school in Gospic, and later he went to College Gymnasium in Karlovac. Nikola was tormented by the fact that after finishing school he would have to continue family tradition and become a priest. This fact has haunted him since he was genuinely interested in science. Upon completion of high school in Karlovac, on holiday, when he returned back in Gospic young Tesla became ill with cholera. At that time, this vicious disease accounted a great number of lives. (Photo credit: Unknown / Foter.com / Public Domain Mark 1.0)

His father promised him that he will go to the best technical school in the world as soon as he gets better. A miraculous recovery was followed, and like his father promised him, Nikola Tesla started Higher Technical School in Graz. Tesla has showed more interest than necessary for the completion of the course. In this was he wanted to show his father that he didn’t make a mistake allowing him to devote himself  to study secrets of mathematics, physics and engineering. However, despite the recognition he received, it looked like as his father wasn’t interested in his son’s success. 

While he was in Graz, Tesla got the idea of creating rotating fields. In 1879. Nikola Tesla got his first job, he started working as an assistant engineer in Maribor. In the same year his father died, and in order to fulfill his father's desire to finish college, in 1880 Tesla started to go to college in Prague. Several years that have followed, represented a significant period in the career of Nikola Tesla. After working in Budapest at the Central telephone office, followed the invention of the rotating magnetic field (February 1882). That same year, on the recommendation of his superiors he received a job at the Continental Edison in Paris. He spent two years in Continental Edison working various and responsible jobs, and his knowledge and skills couldn’t pass unnoticed and he was recommended to Edison himself. Edison at the time was the most important figure in technics in America, and hero of electrics who was celebrated by the whole nation. He gave Tesla a job in 1884, but their cooperation didn’t last too long. 

Dissatisfied with attitude towards his work, Nikola Tesla left Edison and with the help of some investors formed the "Tesla Arc Light Co.". Initially, because of obligations to investors, he had to work in the field of arc lamps, but then started the realization of their projects in the field of polyphase alternating currents. After the lecture, " A New System of Alternating Current Motors and Transformers’’  on 16^th of May 1888 which was held at the American Institute of Electrical Engineers (AIEE), Tesla has received an offer from the firm Westinghouse for the purchase of patents in the field of polyphase currents. 

On July 30^th 1891 Nikola Tesla got U.S. citizenship. 

Good part of 1892 Tesla spent in Europe. There he promoted his ideas. He managed to visit Belgrade where he stayed for three days.  Also in that 1892 his mother died and that loss made him feel terrible. 

Returning to the United States was followed with new struggle. Proponents of unidirectional current opposed the use of alternating current. World Exhibition in Chicago that year was illuminated with use of alternating current. After that he started research in the field of signal and energy transmission. His idea he presented in his speech during the commissioning of the power plant at Niagara Falls in 1897. It is a great mystery what happened to Tesla’s research in this field. Although he spent nearly a year in Colorado Springs, and led a detailed diary of his research, a wider use of wireless transmission of electricity to this day hasn’t been done. Tesla had intended to use the upper layers of the globe to transfer energy from one to  other end of the world. 

J.P. Morgan (John Pierpont Morgan 1837-1913), at that time one of the richest men in America, offered financial support Tesla. But after one year Morgan stopped financing Tesla. The reason for the termination of cooperation was the first successful transatlantic beam radio message, carried out by Guglielmo Marconi (1874-1037). Tesla admitted to Morgan that he could have done such a thing long time ago but that wasn’t goal of his research. Morgan was angry because of this, as he called it fraud, and he has never again worked with Tesla. 

Next few years were very hard for him. In 1917 he was awarded with the Edison Medal, the highest U.S. medal in the technical field. In 1919 Nikola Tesla published his autobiography in a series of articles in the journal Electrical Experimenter. He had some sensational statements. Tesla has somehow survived with the help of friends and a modest pension, which he reluctantly accepted from the Yugoslav government. His health worsened considerably after the death of his friend Robert Underwood Johnson and Richmond Pearson Hobson in 1937. That year he had traffic accident – he was hit by a taxi while crossing the street.

Almost alone, without family, and in a company of his nephew Sava Kosanovic (son of Marice Kosanovic) and a couple of friends, Tesla rarely appeared in public in the later years of his life. The exception was the visit of King Peter II Karadjordjevic who came to meet with Tesla in his apartment in June 1942.

In 1943, Tesla called American military ministry. In a brief conversation he offered his secrets to U.S. military for his super weapon. The officer didn’t realize who he was, he thought he was some crazy man and didn’t take him seriously. 

Nikola Tesla died on January 7^th, 1943 in the hotel in New York. In the Cathedral St. John Divine on January 12^th, gathered two thousand people, among them was a large number of inventors, Noble Prize winners, world renowned names in the field of electrical engineering, Yugoslav diplomats.

Two days earlier, mayor of New York Fiorello LaGuardia held a funeral speech that was broadcasted live by Radio New York.

The remains of one of the greatest man who lived in the last century, are in the Nikola Tesla Museum in Belgrade in an urn of ideal spherical shape.

Photo credit: St Stev / Foter.com / CC BY-NC-ND . Tesla's ashes

Today across the world name of Nikola Tesla is exclaimed loudly, with a lot of respect, which this man deserves. Numerous associations, student and engineering organizations keep a memory of this great scientist. About him were written many books, and told various possible and impossible theories, but one thing is the truth. Nikola Tesla was a great scientist, a man without whose inventions we would hardly be able to live today – with plenty of comfort and freedom provided by electricity. Our duty is not to allow his name ever to be forgotten. 

Nikola Tesla has become a world scientist thanks to his inventions. How many of those inventions there were it is hard to say. Some inventions stumbled upon the understanding of the Patent Committee and are put in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. But a lot of them remained unpatented.

Only few people in this world can say that they have achieved the ideas they had in their childhood in their life cycle. Nikola Tesla is one of them. In his youth he showed great potential and imagination, and he had a very good way of looking at problems, whatever they had been. 

Inventions

The most important inventions of Nikola Tesla:
• The multi-phase currents and rotating magnetic field (AC polyphase motors and generators on the principle of a rotating magnetic field)
• AC transmission system and distribution of electricity
• Tesla oscillation transformer (Tesla coil)
• Lighting using high frequency currents
• A system of wireless transmission of radio signals and energy
• Telautomatics (wireless control of automatic machines at a distance)
• Tesla Turbine
• Radio.

I can say with certainty that Tesla was one of the greatest inventors in the world. He had more than 700 inventions, some of them unfortunately less known to the public. Tesla was responsible for the emergence of the modern world, inventions in the field of electrical engineering and other fields, such as: remote control, aeromobil, radar, wireless power transmission, control atmospheric conditions, superconductivity, the nature of cosmic rays, a global information system, lightning rod, dot-electron microscope, the use of atomic energy, the use of solar energy and energy from the ionosphere, the use of X-rays, communications satellites, electrotherapy, lie detector, artificial lightning (ordinary and spherical), refrigerator, lights, energy use of earth rotation, lasers, ozone baths, electric rifle, robots, neon lighting, typewriter driven by human voice, pocket oscillator, a device to communicate with other worlds, navigation system, power impenetrable wall fountains, electric car, the Internet, radio, automatic translation into other languages ​​…

AC (alternating currents) – It all started with this discovery. He raised a lot of dust at the World Expo in 1893 in Chicago. After that started an open war between Tesla and Edison’s visions of how the electric current should be produced and distributed. DC which was advocated by Edison (which was supported by General Electric) could be transmitted over long distances with great losses and expenses and it created great arcing from the required converters (commutator). Regardless of that fact Edison and his team created the myth about the ‘’dangers’’ of alternating currents advocated by Tesla. As evidence to support that myth, Edison used to kill animals with alternating currents on public displays. Eventually, Edison created electric chair, while simultaneously blaming Tesla’s attempts to create a safe electrical energy that will be produced and distributed at lower cost. Tesla replied, showing that the alternating current is completely safe as the electricity passed through his body for a light bulb. This war between Tesla and Edison culminated in 1893, after a decade of shady business moves, stolen ideas and cancellation of the patent with which Edison tried to destroy and obliterate Tesla's discoveries.

Lighting - Of course, he could not invent lighting power supply, but found that the light can best be distributed and used. Tesla used the fluorescent lights in his lab 40 years before they were "industrial" patents. After the World Expo, Tesla was curling up his gas tubes, forming with them the names of famous scientists, in fact, created a neon sign.

Tesla's coils – Probably his most controversial and successful invention. The industry was mostly keen to suppress and prevent the public benefit of this invention, the concept that the Earth is a magnet that can generate electricity (electromagnetism) using frequency as the transmitter. All that was needed for that was a transceiver – a device similar to the radio.

Radiation – Electromagnetic and ionizing radiation was often studied in late ninth century, but Tesla researched the entire spectrum again. He has researched and discovered all from Kirlian photography, which is able to capture the energy field around people and things (aura), which is used nowadays in medical diagnostics. In the field of radiation research, Tesla made ​​many discoveries, and all thanks to his personal belief that everything we need can be found in the nature around us, we just need understanding and comprehension of the universe we inhabit, he also believed that we must use our minds in order to create the right technology to help people and with what we can improve our perception of existence. In other words, Tesla believed that all scientific research should be focused on the welfare and progress of mankind, and not for making profits.

Radio – The inital discovery of radio was attributed to Marconi and the majority of public believed that he was the creator of radio as we know it today. Nevertheless, the Supreme Court canceled Marconi's patent in 1943 when it was proven that Tesla invented and used radio for years before Marconi. Radio signals are just another component of a remote control that was demonstrated by Tesla at the presentation of his ship on remote control in 1897. Tesla primoenacted his patents for radio transmitters the same year. But the decision was revided and advantage was given to Marconi to create radio, and his patent was enacted. It probably happened because Marconi was financed by Thomas Edison and Andrew Carnegie.

Remote control – This invention came out of research on the radio. Ship with a remote control was demonstrated in 1898. Tesla used couple of strong batteries, radio signals which are controlled by a series of switches, electric motor which powered the ship and a series of lights on the boat that took power from the battery. This technology wasn't used for a long time after Tesla, but these ideas are mostly used by the army and military technology. In World War II, the Germans made the first remote control tank, and after this these kind of inventions were all over the market, especially in the domain of limiting human freedoms.